Features of Operating System: Key Functions Explained

An​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ operating system (OS) is the main component that handles a computer's hardware and software in a proper and efficient way. It is a controlled place where you can execute your applications, keep security, and maximise system performance.

These are some of the basic capabilities of an OS which make a machine to work ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌effectively

1. Protected and Supervisor Mode for System Stability

For​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ the system to be stable and secure, the OS has two modes: supervisor mode and protected mode. If the system is in a supervisor mode, the hardware changes can be made by the operating system as it has full control over them and, therefore, it can carry out the most critical tasks, such as memory management and process execution. This is the mode that is normally used in system operations when there is a need for unrestricted access. On the other hand, protected mode serves to limit access to the most indispensable system parts by unauthorised user applications. The operating system features are such that they do not allow any interference, whether accidental or intentional, with the most critical system functions; thus, the chances of system crashes and data breaches are kept at a minimum by these two modes being ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌separate.

2. Managing Program Execution Efficiently

Handling program execution is one of the major features of an OS. Whenever a user intends to start an application, the OS retrieves memory from the reserved area for the necessary files and allocates system resources, such as CPU and memory, to the program, thus enabling it to run smoothly. Besides that, the OS handles multitasking, which is a feature that allows you to open up a number of applications at the same time with no interference. When a program terminates, the OS ensures it is properly closed and that the resources allocated to it are now available for other programs. Using this negative program-completion technique, the computer becomes more reliable and responsive.

3. Organizing and Managing the File System

The features of operating system are responsible for the provision of a structure whereby users are facilitated in making, deleting, and managing their files and folders. Along with this, it takes care of the storage medium, such as a hard drive or a USB drive, ensuring that information is stored in a way that is both usable and orderly. Moreover, the OS sets up access rights like a lock-and-key system that prevents unauthorised access to files, and only those granted access can make changes or view certain files. This feature plays a vital role in the security and consistency of data in environments that are multiple-user ones.

4. Handling Input and Output Operations

The OS performs such a role as an intermediary harmonizer between the software and hardware, and it is responsible for IO operations. In case a user decides to interact with an input device, such as a keyboard, mouse, or printer, the OS will ensure that the input is handled correctly and thus direct it to the correct application. In the same way, whenever an application is in need of issuing an output to a device, like in the case of printing a document or showing the text on the screen, the OS is the one who makes it possible. The OS does this through very specific programs called device drivers, which allow the different hardware units to communicate with the OS.

5. Detecting and Handling System Errors

If an OS is to have a single most important feature, it is probably the monitoring of the system for errors and taking steps to correct them so that failures can be avoided. System errors may be caused by hardware, software bugs, as well as by user mistakes. Built-in error detection tools are what the OS comes with to help spot issues, which it then tries to resolve before they become big problems. If, for instance, a program terminates unexpectedly, the OS will likely close it safely and notify the user. When errors are quite severe, the OS has the ability to record them and give the options of troubleshooting, thus, the risk of losing data and system instability decreases greatly.

6. Allocating Resources Efficiently

An OS ensures that system resources, e.g., processor time, memory, and I/O devices, are shared in a way that is most productive for different programs and users. In fact, the OS ranks them in order of importance and resource requirements so that conflicts do not arise in which two or more applications vie for the same resources. This is why, particularly in multitasking environments, the OS' job is to keep all processes going on smoothly and no one should be allowed to dominate system resources at the expense of the rest. 

7. Ensuring Security and Data Protection

Security is definitely at the top of the list of operating system features. To combat the likes of viruses and hacking, which are increasing by the day, the OA has included an array of security features that aim to protect data and system resources. User authentication is one of the main steps the OS takes, requiring users to log in with passwords or biometric confirmation before gaining access to the system. Furthermore, it puts in place access control methods to make sure that only authorized individuals can see or change certain files and settings. Encryption of data is yet another key security measure that acts as a guard against the exposure of sensitive information caused by unauthorized access. All these security features, working together, are the lifelines of system integrity and the protectors of personal and business data against cyber threats.

Key Takeaways so far

• OS​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ guarantees equilibrium and averts breakdowns by using supervisor and protected modes.
• It controls the running of programs as well as multitasking in a very efficient manner.
• It keeps the system in a well-organized manner by securely storing files and performing input/output operations.
• It ensures safety through measures like authentication, access control, and ​​‌​‌​​‌​‌encryption.

In core functionalities, an operating system also gives several different other features that increase its efficiency, security, and usability. These characteristics not only help the OS to perform system resources effectively but also provide smooth user experience.

1. Managing Devices Efficiently

An operating system tracks and manages all hardware devices that are connected to it, like printers, scanners, storage drives, and input devices. It achieves this by using device drivers, which are the mediators between the OS and the hardware. That means each device gets the driver that ensures the interaction and the functionality run smoothly. Besides that, the OS also decides which processes can use a device and for how long, thus, it stops conflicts that arise when several applications are trying to use the same hardware. Through efficient device allocation and deallocation, the OS ensures that all peripherals function properly without user intervention.

2. Optimizing Memory Usage

As a part of its necessary features, an operating system is responsible for memory management, meaning it decides how system memory (RAM) will be divided among various processes. Programs normally need memory in order to follow some instructions and keep data temporarily, so the OS plays the role of a memory manager assigning the memory efficiently and also allowing the memory to be freed when no longer required. Moreover, it is also the OS's responsibility to manage virtual memory which is the extension of the available memory by temporarily using the hard drive in place of RAM. This stops system slowing down and crash issues which eventually give users the ability to run several programs at the same time without facing any performance problems.

3. Tracking System Usage with Job Accounting

Operating systems hold job accounting features that track system activity and measure the amount of time and resources used by users and applications. This is very helpful in multi-user environments e.g. corporate networks and data centers where system administrators need to have a close look at usage patterns.Job accounting on board with the system suffices to optimize resource allocation, strengthen performance, and allow fair distribution of computing power among users.

4. Interpreting User Commands

One of the essential features of an operating system is command interpretation that makes it possible for users to communicate with the system by giving instructions. This can be done by means of either a Graphical User Interface (GUI) or Command-Line Interface (CLI). The OS receives the information from the user, converts it to a language that the machine can understand and then carries out the orders accordingly. In fact, the OS is the one behind the scene which accomplishes the tasks that users want, whether they are clicking the icons on a desktop or entering commands in a ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌terminal.

5. Enabling Network Communication

Nowadays​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ operating systems are built to be compatible with networking which allows computers to link up and talk with each other. In distributed systems where a number of computers cooperate to achieve some tasks, the operating system takes care of the data that has to be sent among processors which are without a shared memory or hardware resources. The OS is the one that facilitates network communication, thus making possible file sharing, remote access, as well as internet connectivity. If there was no support for networking, then a lot of features that are indispensable ,like cloud storage, online collaboration, and remote system management would simply cease to ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌exist.

6. Improving System Security

Operating​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ systems have security as one of their main concerns since they are the first lines of defense of user data and system resources against threats like malware, hacking, and unauthorized access. The OS carries out a wide range of security strategies such as user authentication (passwords, biometrics), file encryption, and access control methods. Also, it comes with firewall and antivirus software to spot and stop intrusions. The os features serve as a vital tool in ensuring data integrity and user privacy through keeping an eye on system activity and limiting access to confidential ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌information.

7. Providing a User-Friendly Interface

The user interface of an operating system is one of its most prominent features, which basically defines how the users interact with the system. Almost all modern OSs offer a GUI with user-friendly menus, icons, and windows, making navigation easy for all users. However, some operating system environments also allow Command-Line Interface (CLIs) usage for those advanced users who opt for text-based commands as a quicker and more accurate way of control. 

8. Supporting Multitasking for Better Productivity

Multitasking is a must-have feature that enables a computer to run multiple programs simultaneously without interference. The OS is in charge of process scheduling; therefore, the system resources are shared among all the running applications, and each is given a fair portion. As a result, users can search the internet while playing their favourite tunes, writing documents by downloading, or even running background tasks without slowing down the computer. The proper use of multitasking leads to better performance for users since they get to do more work at the same time. 

9. Cloud Integration and Sync

One of the significant changes is the introduction of cloud integration, which makes it possible for the operating system to link up with different cloud services for storage, sharing, and application purposes. Cloud sync and storage are the main methods by which files and settings are automatically updated across all devices. The Synchronisation tools and intelligent upload methods to upload only the data that has changed, thereby reducing bandwidth and saving time. Some systems use placeholder files—mini versions of files stored in the cloud—to free up space. Operating systems provide powerful APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) through which developers can connect their applications to cloud features, device synchronisation, and other system services. Virtualization support makes it possible for several different operating systems or environments to be run on the same hardware at the same time which is very important for multi cloud architecture as well as for the efficient utilization of resources. 

Local storage until the complete file is needed. 

Built-in App Stores and Software Updates

The majority of recent operating systems include built-in app stores that make it very easy for users to find, install, and update the software they need. Access to new features and security patches is always guaranteed to users by these stores, thus they become a source of a safer, more up-to-date computing environment. 

Cross-Device Compatibility and Portability

Cross-device compatibility is presently a standard requirement. Due to the thorough integration of cloud services and shared user accounts, operating systems allow users to start a task on one device and continue it on another. Portability is the feature that enables the operating system and its applications to run on different hardware platforms, thereby giving users greater flexibility and convenience. 

APIs and Virtualization Support

Operating systems provide robust APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that allow developers to integrate their apps with cloud features, device synchronization, and other system services. Virtualization support enables multiple operating systems or environments to run concurrently on the same hardware, which is essential for multi cloud architecture and efficient resource utilization.

10. Process and Multitasking Management

Managing the simultaneous execution of multiple programs, or processes, is at the core of an operating system's function. This is achieved through a combination of process management and multitasking techniques that enable efficient utilisation of system resources. 

Process Creation and Termination

Whenever a new program is initiated, the OS creates a process, and when a program stops or is closed, the system terminates the process. This lifecycle management enables various applications to run and exit without disruption. 

Multiprogramming and Concurrency

Today, computer systems use multiprogramming to keep the CPU busy by loading multiple programs into memory simultaneously. The OS supports concurrency, meaning that several processes can run almost simultaneously. In time-sharing systems, the processor quickly switches between tasks, so every user or application gets a fair share of CPU time. 

Multitasking Approaches

Multitasking can be divided into two major types: 

• Cooperative multitasking: A process willingly gives up the control of the CPU to another process, which may lead to problems if a process that doesn't do this fails.
• Preemptive multitasking: At regular intervals or when higher-priority tasks are needed, the OS forcibly switches between processes, making the system more responsive and stable.

11. CPU Scheduling and Prioritization

To decide which process to execute next, the operating system employs different CPU scheduling algorithms. A priority-based scheduler ensures the most important tasks receive more CPU time, while lower-priority tasks, such as background tasks, receive less. This equilibrium is what maintains the system both fast and responsive.

Context Switching and Synchronization

During a process switch, the OS performs context switching, saving the current process's state and loading the new process's state. In this way, processes can continue without interruption. The used process synchronisation methods facilitate access to shared resources while preventing potential conflicts and maintaining data consistency.

Process Communication

As a means of cooperative work between programs, the OS offers process communication tools that enable processes to exchange data and requests securely and efficiently. 

Through process management, multitasking, and scheduling, the operating system acts as a mediator between applications, thereby ensuring the smooth running of these applications and maximizing system efficiency and user productivity. 

Bottom Line: Efficient process management is what makes productivity and system performance at their best ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌level.

12. File and Device Management

An operating system is responsible for efficient file and device management, which ensures smooth operation and user access to data and hardware resources.

File Management

The OS allocates the file system as the means by which data are arranged on the storage devices. In this way, the file system constitutes an intermediary level that hides the raw hardware but allows users to access files by logical directory structure. The file manager takes care of the creation, deletion, and reorganization of files and folders, at the same time it is implementing file permissions for access control and data protection. This organization is a great tool for data safety by its ability to keep the standard and correctness of the data even in situations of failure or crash of the system.

Device Management

The OS device manager along with the input/output controller takes the responsibility for managing the hardware components such as printers, drives, and keyboards. The kernel talks to the hardware through the help of device drivers which are small pieces of software that take the OS commands and convert them into the device-specific instructions. The OS keeps up with the devices it performs device tracking on the status and usage of each of them.

Through the use of efficient resource allocation, a great number of applications can share devices without causing conflicts. The OS handles the requests for device usage that involve its role in prioritizing and resource allocation to keep the performance at a good level and bottlenecks at bay.

It is by managing both files and devices that an operating system creates an atmosphere of convenience where users and applications can safely, efficiently, and reliably get access to files as well as hardware.

What we learned so far

• Based on users' and environment's needs, OS kinds can be different.
• UI attributes govern user interaction and system handling.
• Besides the basic functions an operating system performs, it is equipped with additional features that improve the system's security and stability such as usability and efficiency.
• These features make the OS not only capable of managing system resources efficiently but also provide a smooth user experience.

Operating systems differ based on the kinds of users and environments they are intended for. One of the major differences between them is the category of the user interface (UI) they offer, which determines how users interact with the system. The main types of operating systems with their core purposes and user interface features are as follows:

1. Distributed Operating System

Purpose: It oversees a network of independent computers and makes them work as a single system.

User Interface Features:

• It has both GUI and CLI interfaces for remote management and monitoring.
• Administrator web-based dashboards or control panels.-
• Lets the network users share the resources effortlessly and also access files or applications anywhere in the network.

2. Windows Operating System

Purpose: A general-purpose operating system for personal computers, home and office environments.

User Interface Features:

• User-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) with windows, icons, menus, and pointers.-
• Navigation is done with the help of the Start Menu, taskbar, and system tray.
• Voice, touch, and accessibility features are supported.
• Desktop customization, themes, and multitasking with multiple open windows are available.

3. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)

Purpose: It is created for situations where an immediate and fixed response is required, for example, industrial automation and robotics.

User Interface Features:

• Few or no user interfaces, or specialized ones designed for the given application (e.g., control panels, real-time monitoring displays).
• RTOS configuration and status can be facilitated through simple text-based or graphical interfaces that also provide the current system state in ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌brief.

4. Embedded Operating System

Purpose: Designed for specialized hardware devices such as industrial machines, appliances, and consumer electronics.

User Interface Features:

• Often features dedicated, minimal UIs (e.g., simple displays, LED indicators, physical buttons).
• Some support touchscreens or basic GUIs for user interaction.
• Interfaces are highly optimized for the specific device and use case.

5. Real-Time Operating System in Embedded Systems

Purpose: Ensures that tasks in embedded systems are executed within strict time constraints, which are crucial for mission-critical applications.

User Interface Features:

• Usually provides simple, device-specific interfaces (e.g., control panels, LCDs).
• May offer real-time graphical dashboards for monitoring.
• Interfaces are focused on reliability and quick response.

6. Server Operating System

Purpose: Optimized to manage and provide services to multiple client devices over a network, focusing on stability, security, and performance.

User Interface Features:

• Offers both CLI and GUI for system administration.
• Web-based management tools and dashboards for remote access.
• Advanced configuration and scripting options for automation.

7. Solaris Operating System

Purpose: Unix-based OS developed for enterprise environments requiring high-performance computing.

User Interface Features:

• Provides both CLI (terminal) and GUI environments (e.g., Common Desktop Environment).
• Advanced system monitoring and diagnostic tools with graphical interfaces.
• Supports remote desktop and web-based management.

8. Multitasking and Time-Sharing Operating System

Purpose: Allows multiple users or programs to run simultaneously by efficiently allocating processor time.

User Interface Features:

• Offers a GUI or CLI for managing multiple tasks or user sessions.
• Users can easily switch between applications or sessions.
• Time-sharing OSs often include terminal-based access for various users.

9. Network Operating System (NOS) – Windows Server

Purpose: Manages network resources and services, enabling seamless communication and resource sharing between connected devices.

User Interface Features:

• Network management consoles (GUI or web-based) for administrators.
• Interfaces for managing shared resources, permissions, and remote access.
• Both GUI and CLI tools for configuration and troubleshooting.

By focusing on the user interface features of each operating system type, this section helps readers understand how different OSs facilitate user interaction and administration, making it easier to choose the right OS for their needs.

Key Takeaways so far

• OS types vary based on user and environment needs.
• UI features shape user interaction and system management.
• Specialized OSs optimize performance in their domains.

The key goal of an operating system is to manage and share system resources, such as CPU time, memory, and peripheral devices, among multiple users and applications. Moreover, it is responsible for executing tasks efficiently, free of conflicts, and at the same time optimising performance. The OS performs a wide variety of functions, among them are: 

• Program and File Management: With the help of the operating system, users can create, modify, and delete files and programs. In addition, it facilitates data storage and retrieval, making data access easier and improving disk space utilisation. 
• Providing System Services: The operating system provides tools such as compilers, assemblers, and loaders that greatly assist programmers in developing and executing software applications. Besides providing services, the system also eases the work of debugging and installing software. 
• Managing Input/Output Operations: The OS is responsible for communication between the computer and peripherals, such as keyboards, printers, and external storage devices, ensuring uninterrupted data transfer and user interaction. 
• Resource Allocation and Process Scheduling: The OS does this by granting processing power and memory to the applications currently running and, at the same time, giving priority to the most critical tasks. Besides ensuring fair usage, the OS also prevents resource bottlenecks. 

Bottom Line: An OS ensures efficient computing, smooth operation, and reliable access to hardware and software ​​‌​‌​​‌​‌resources.

The features of an operating system are essential for managing computer resources and ensuring smooth operation. Different types of OS cater to specific needs, from personal computing to real-time applications and enterprise servers. Understanding these features helps users choose the right OS for their requirements.

Why does it matter?

Operating system features are the main factors that determine the most efficient way to handle resources, ensure safety, and increase productivity. By knowing these features, users can decide which OS best fits their computing requirements.

Practical Advice for Learners

• Please learn about different types of OS and their interfaces.
• Concepts of multitasking and process management should be practiced.
• Delve into different memory and file management methods. 
• Investigate OS security and access control methods
• Comprehend networking and cloud integration capabilities.
• Try out different operating systems on virtual machines to see how they ​​‌​‌​​‌​‌work.

1.​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ What is the main function of an operating system? 

An operating system is the software that manages a computer's hardware and software, enabling applications to run and users to interact with the machine.

2. How does an operating system manage memory? 

The system places different parts of a program in different places, keeps track of storage, and, if necessary, frees up memory that is no longer in use. 

3. What does process management involve in an OS?

Process management in an operating system refers to the methods used for task scheduling, process synchronization, and resource sharing. 

4. How do operating systems manage files? 

They provide structures for, allow the manipulation of, and determine access rights to files, thus enabling users to create, access, and protect their data. 

5. What is the role of the kernel in an OS? 

Essentially, the kernel is the component that directly controls hardware and system resources and ensures the harmonious execution of applications.

6.​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ How does an OS ensure system security?

The OS safeguards information through user verification, access restrictions, and data encryption, and it also prevents attacks through security enclaves.

7. What kinds of user interfaces are provided by operating systems?

Operating systems provide graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and command-line interfaces (CLIs), with GUIs suitable for regular users and CLIs for technically advanced users.