Published: 17 Nov 2025 | Reading Time: 5 min read
Multiprogramming operating systems represent a fundamental advancement in computer system efficiency. Here are the essential points covered in this comprehensive guide:
Multiprogramming is a technique whereby several programs can be executed on a single processor through the efficient management of their execution. If one program is waiting for an input/output (I/O) operation, the CPU switches to another program; thus, the time when the CPU is not used is minimised, and the system's efficiency is increased.
This method is far better than the one used by the first computing systems, which had only one program execution capability, and as a result, most of the CPU resources were left idle.
The fundamental principle behind multiprogramming is resource optimization. Instead of allowing the CPU to remain idle while a program waits for I/O operations to complete, the operating system switches execution to another ready program. This continuous switching creates the appearance of simultaneous execution while maximizing hardware utilization.
In a multiprogramming system, multiple programs are loaded into the main memory. The operating system maintains a queue of jobs and selects which program to execute based on scheduling algorithms, such as First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) or Round-Robin.
The CPU switches between programs so quickly that it appears as if they are running simultaneously, even though only one program is actively using the CPU at any given moment. This rapid context switching is the key mechanism that enables multiprogramming functionality.
The multiprogramming system relies on several critical components working in coordination:
The system of multiprogramming comprises a set of significant components that cooperate to utilize the CPU resources efficiently:
+------------------+
| Main Memory |
| |
| Program 1 |
| Program 2 |
| Program 3 |
+------------------+
|
v
+------------------+
| CPU |
+------------------+
|
v
+------------------+
| I/O Devices |
+------------------+
Key Points:
Multiprogramming operating systems allow multiple programs to run on a computer simultaneously, improving efficiency and resource utilization. They are mainly classified into two types:
A multitasking operating system makes it possible for a computer to perform different tasks at the same time. In fact, it can quickly switch between the programs that are currently running without the user noticing any kind of delay.
The operation of saving the current program's state and loading another program's state into memory, known as context switching, allows the system to create the illusion that multiple applications are running simultaneously, even though the CPU processes one task at a time.
Windows:
Linux:
A multiuser operating system allows several users to share the computer resources at the same time. The system handles multiple user sessions by allocating CPU time among them, thereby providing a fair share of resources.
This method is typical for servers, mainframes, and enterprise systems that are used by multiple users who want to execute their applications independently.
UNIX:
Mainframe Systems:
Summary of Types:
Understanding multiprogramming operating systems is easier when compared with related concepts such as batch processing systems, multitasking, multiuser, and multiprocessing operating systems.
Batch processing systems execute one job at a time in sequence (serial processing systems), leading to idle CPU time when a job waits for I/O operations.
In contrast, multiprogramming operating systems utilise concurrent program execution, maintaining multiple jobs in main memory and switching the CPU between them to minimise idle time and maximise efficiency.
Both methods deal with the concept of multiple programs running at the same time, but a multitasking operating system mainly concentrates on making the user experience Excel by allowing a single user to handle several applications simultaneously.
Meanwhile, multiprogramming is more about increasing the CPU usage by running multiple programs that are usually for different users. Although these two systems use process scheduling, context switching, and process state management in their operations, the latter is an interactive one and thus can do rapid context switching.
A multiuser operating system is a software environment that can efficiently share hardware and system resources among multiple users concurrently, typically through terminals.
Essentially, multiprogramming is the means by which this capability is achieved, as it is accomplished by allocating a portion of the CPU time to each process. Resource allocation graphs play a significant role in illustrating the dynamics between consumable resources, processes, and users, thus ensuring that access is both fair and efficient.
Multiprocessing operating systems are built around the idea of using two or more CPUs (processors) to execute multiple processes simultaneously, thus allowing for true parallelism.
To the contrary, multiprogramming is a technique where only one CPU is used, but quick switching between jobs is done to create the impression that the programs are executed simultaneously.
There is a possibility that multiprocessing systems utilise memory management techniques such as paging in the OS, contiguous memory allocation, dynamic partitioning, and fixed partitioning more extensively to efficiently handle multiple processors and the large volume of processes that accompany them.
Memory management is the lifeblood of multiprogramming and other related systems. Some of the methods used in memory allocation for processes include:
The use of dynamic partitioning in conjunction with paging enables the memory to be used in a more versatile manner; consequently, waste is minimized and overall system throughput is enhanced.
Process scheduling is at the core of the functioning of all these systems. The operating system takes on the responsibility of:
Multiprogramming systems employ process scheduling algorithms with the goal of maximising the utilisation of system resources, thereby ensuring the system remains responsive to users.
A multiprogramming operating system is defined by the set of features that enable the efficient and concurrent execution of multiple programs. These characteristics perform the role of the dividing line between multiprogramming systems and operating systems:
It is based on a motor that achieves real-time operation of a single system by employing scheduling techniques to select the appropriate user of the transformation from the programs.
In this way, the CPU is almost always kept busy with a process that is ready to run; thus, the time the CPU is left idle is reduced to a minimum, and the overall system throughput is maximised.
The multiprogramming operating system is equipped with a powerful I/O control system that manages all input and output operations.
In a situation where one process is engaged in an I/O request and thus waiting, the CPU, through the I/O control system, can execute another ready process, thereby ensuring continued system activity and better resource utilisation.
One of the main functions of the command processor is the job of the interpreter. It carries out the user's directives that are associated with the use of the process by the manager.
Besides that, the command processor is a tool, which is located between the user and the system, thereby linking and allowing them to cooperate with program execution and resource management.
The array of operations for the efficient file system is fundamental to the entire concept of storing, retrieving, and organising data that multiple concurrently running programs require.
Besides ensuring that access to files is done in a secure and organised manner to avoid conflicts and data corruption, the operating system also facilitates seamless file management.
Multiprogramming systems are able to allocate dynamically and free memory that is used by different processes. They keep a temporary area in main memory for programs that are actively running, thus allowing for fast context switching and efficient use of available memory.
By the rapid switching that the system performs between processes, it usually appears to the user that there are multiple processors (in fact, there is only one). Here, the primary objective is the effective sharing of processor and other system resources.
As for the coordination part of I/O, the operating system is the main agent that manages inputs and outputs for different processes. Hence, I/O devices are shared in a proper way, and a single process is not permitted to block the whole system.
The transient area is a section of memory reserved for temporarily holding active programs and data. This feature enables the system to quickly switch programs in and out of execution, supporting efficient multiprogramming.
These features—CPU scheduling, I/O control, command processing, file system management, dynamic memory allocation, processor sharing, and transient area management—are what distinguish multiprogramming operating systems. They enable multiple programs to coexist efficiently, improve system performance, and ensure that resources are allocated fairly and effectively.
Here are some advantages of multiprogramming operating systems to help you use them effectively:
Instead of sitting idle when one process is waiting for input or output (I/O) operations, the CPU switches to another task. Multiprogramming OS guarantees that the processor is constantly in use, reducing downtime and improving efficiency.
Multiprogramming OS allows multiple processes to run simultaneously, meaning the system can complete more tasks in the same period. As a result, the overall productivity of the system increases.
System resources are kept from being wasted by sharing them among multiple programs or users in an efficient manner. Hence, different tasks can run smoothly without significant delays.
Users experience quicker response times because multiple processes can execute at once. If one program is waiting for input, the system can continue running other programs, making the experience feel faster and more excellent.
Here are some disadvantages of multiprogramming operating systems to be aware of, which can help avoid complexity:
A multiprogramming OS increases the complexity of the operating system as it needs to handle multiple processes simultaneously. It requires that system resources, such as memory and CPU time, be efficiently allocated by the system, which necessitates the use of advanced scheduling algorithms and process management techniques.
In a situation where multiple processes are running, systems are obliged to interchange processes very often. The operation, called context switching, which is the main source of the delay, needs some CPU power to be carried out. Therefore, if it is not executed efficiently, the system may drop in speed can be slowed down by as much as CPU waste.
As multiple programs utilise the same CPU, memory, and other resources, they must compete for these resources. In the case where too many processes simultaneously request a particular resource, it may lead to bottlenecks, a reduction in processing speed, or even cause some programs to become unresponsive or crash.
Summary:
Multiprogramming operating systems are capable of executing several programs at the same time; therefore, they are efficient and make good use of resources. Some examples include:
This multiprogramming OS allows users to open and run multiple applications simultaneously.
Example Use Case: You can browse the internet while editing a document in Microsoft Word and listening to music in the background. Windows manages these tasks by allocating system resources strongly.
Linux is a high-performance multiprogramming OS created for both personal and professional use. It is a robust server operating system that can be used in an enterprise environment due to its ability to support multiple users and processes simultaneously.
Example Use Case: A Linux server can run a website, manage a database, and transfer files simultaneously without any drop in performance.
The operating system of Apple provides efficient multitasking capabilities, allowing users to switch from one application to another without any hassle.
Example Use Case: You can be working on a video in Final Cut Pro while simultaneously exporting another project and browsing files in Finder. macOS is also very efficient in terms of resource management, and it keeps the system performance at a stable level even when several demanding applications are running simultaneously.
Multiprogramming OSs like Windows, Linux, and macOS allow multiple programs or users to run efficiently, maximising CPU utilisation and improving system responsiveness.
Multiprogramming operating systems have revolutionized computing by allowing multiple programs to run at the same time. These systems maximize CPU usage, improving overall performance and increasing the number of tasks completed in a given period. As a result, users experience a more responsive and efficient computing environment.
A multiprogramming OS does not run all programs simultaneously on multiple processors. Instead, it quickly switches between different programs, keeping the system running smoothly. This capability is crucial for IT professionals, software developers, and system administrators who want to improve system efficiency and optimize computing environments.
Multiprogramming OS maximizes CPU usage, improves system throughput, and ensures efficient resource utilization. This capability is crucial in servers, workstations, and enterprise computing.
For those studying operating systems and computer science, understanding multiprogramming is essential:
A multiprogramming operating system enables multiple programs to run concurrently on a single processor. It switches between programs efficiently, keeping the CPU busy instead of waiting for one task to finish.
It keeps the CPU working by running other tasks while one program waits for input or output. This reduces idle time and increases the system's overall efficiency.
There are two main types: multitasking, which allows several programs to run simultaneously, and multiuser, which enables multiple users to share a central computer's processing power.
Yes! Windows, Linux, and macOS all support multiprogramming. You can browse the internet, edit documents, and listen to music all at the same time.
Multiprogramming optimises CPU utilisation through program switching, whereas multitasking creates the perception that several tasks occur concurrently.
It improves CPU efficiency, increases system throughput, allows better resource sharing, and makes applications more responsive.
Managing multiple processes can be complex; switching between tasks adds overhead, and programs compete for limited resources, which slows performance.
When a program requires input or output, the OS allows another program to use the CPU instead of leaving it idle. This way, the system stays efficient and productive.
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Source: NxtWave (CCBP.in)
Original URL: https://www.ccbp.in/blog/articles/multiprogramming-operating-system